The Importance of the Logical †Mathematical Intelligence in Mathematics Teaching

Howard Gardner gives various knowledge which can be misused by an educator in an instructing †learning condition. Gardner’s approach essentially advocates for the modification of instructional strategies so as to cook for singular needs (Brualdi, 2001). While showing arithmetic, educators should focus on consistent †numerical insight. Promoting We will compose a custom report test on The Importance of the Logical †Mathematical Intelligence in Mathematics Teaching explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This sort of insight communicates the capacity of a student to distinguish an outline, structure motivation to a particular numerical answer, and eventually utilize sensible contemplations in any sort of reaction (Brualdi, 2001). Numerical intelligent knowledge is apparent in small children when they include themselves in sorting out and re-arranging things (Brualdi, 2001). As time passes by, youngsters can do basic counts without the guide objects. With movement of this sort of knowledge, a few students access unique world therefore recording an achievement in science field. This classification of students is deliberate in thinking mind boggling and incorporated numerical systems. They in this manner structure the foundation of a study hall where different students can depend on for direction. Also, understudies with unique thinking are quick in computing scientific inquiries. These highlights are clear from the get-go in a child’s life. Math and science are co-related yet in addition assorted in nature. While arithmetic endeavors the theoretical world, science works with authenticity. Researcher applies logical devices and techniques in an offer to confirmation reality. Then again, mathematicians are increasingly worried about examples. An instructor is under exacting commitment to find understudies with capacity to shape designs and in this way coordinate them into bunches with different sorts of understudies so as t o accomplish better. This structures a purpose behind the advancement of numerical †intelligent knowledge. Educational program configuration Integrated educational plan configuration is material to disciplines like science due to the presence of its sub †units involving geometry, polynomial math, measurements, number juggling, analytics, likelihood, and common respectful conditions. Other sociologies including humanism, geology and political theory can likewise be incorporated to shape social studies.Advertising Looking for report on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advantage connected to incorporated educational program is that information and aptitude picked up is increasingly useful to a student. Accordingly, an instructor can grow the decision of topic for example geometry or polynomial math (Webb, 2009). On a higher note, incorporated educational program permits mix of various regions of study like science and arithmetic to frame cutting edge which is progressively gainful to a student. Since an instructor readies an understudy for future life’s challenges, there is requirement for a progressively broadened information and abilities. Incorporated educational program configuration is generally utilized at a lower level of realizing where a blend of subjects like workmanship and music can be instructed simultaneously for a brief timeframe. To additionally create scientific †consistent knowledge at a higher learning level, subject †focused plan is generally proper since it recognizes the significance of the subject being developed of insight. This likewise shapes an explanation behind experiencing the instruction framework. Webb (2009) states unmistakably that ‘Notwithstanding the way that subject †focused educational plan has been in presence for a considerable length of time, it is bolstered by essentialist and perennialist instructive theories ’. For this situation, essentialist keeps up that the educational plan must speak to the information and abilities basic in a general public. This is the reason arithmetic is introduced from a subject †territory educational program structure where a subject is instructed to proliferate the standards and estimations of a general public. The plan is utilized at a propelled investigation level for example a college or some other establishment of higher learning. Reference List Brualdi, A. (2001, April 16). ‘‘Multiple Intelligences: Gardner’s Theory.’’ Eric Digest. V33 (4), P48-53. Webb, D., Metha, A., Jordan. F. (2009). Establishments of America Education. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. This report on The Importance of the Logical †Mathematical Intelligence in Mathematics Teaching was composed and presented by client Landry Barton to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Informational Essay - How to Write an Informational Essay

Informational Essay - How to Write an Informational EssayAn Informational Essay, also called 'Introduction'Brief History' is the first introduction to a topic or essay. This type of essay is different from the rest. It has very little to do with the rest and should stand on its own.The purpose of an Informational Essay is to give your reader a brief introduction about the topic you are writing about. This brief introduction is usually set up in such a way that when you finish the article, the reader can jump right into the main argument.So, what is the purpose of an Informational Essay? The purpose of an Informational Essay is to get your readers interested in your topic and to prompt them to continue reading your piece. You must present your topic in such a way that makes the reader want to go on and learn more. To achieve this, you must make the reader feel that there is a lot more to learn about the topic and to help accomplish this you use the Informational Essay technique.The In formational Essay is a quick introduction to the subject matter of your essay and it should be the first thing your reader sees. In fact, the Informational Essay can be used to start or close the article.When writing the Informational Essay, you should first outline the information you would like to include in the essay. Having a well-planned outline will ensure that you have no loose ends in your article.Once you have an outline of the information you would like to include in your Informational Essay, then you will want to write the opening paragraph. Remember that the first paragraph is critical and should provide a summary of the points you would like to make in the rest of the article.Your opening paragraph should include a summary of the topic and then to include supporting facts that will further support your arguments. After the opening paragraph, you will want to include a sentence or two that provides some detail about the subject and that also includes your opinion or rati onale about the topic.The Conclusion should then follow. Again, the conclusion should provide the reader with supporting facts and for this, you will want to cite sources.

Greek Mythology and Atlantis Essay Example for Free

Greek Mythology and Atlantis Essay The fantasy of Atlantis began with just a couple of pages from a book composed from the popular Greek thinker Plato. He discussed an island realm, arranged just past the mainstays of Hercules. It was a wonderful city comprised of a progression of layered dividers and cannels, and at the highest point of the slope was a sanctuary devoted to Poseidon â€Å"god of the sea.† All the fantasies behind Atlantis were completely founded on old Greek legends, going back similar to 350 B. C. Plato had composed a base measure of data about this â€Å"lost empire†, however enough to make individuals look more distant into the subject. Plato’s hypothesis was that Atlantis was an extraordinary island realm, loaded with riches and euphoria. It was a cutting edge impression of an ideal society, constrained by the Greek divine beings. Yet, the individuals of Atlantis got degenerate and voracious, so the divine beings chose to pulverize them. A Volcano emitted off the shores of North Africa causing an enormous wave, which discovered its way to this incredible domain. The wave obliterated the city making the island sink into the ocean, gone forever. No other secret on earth has started such a fixation. What befell the incredible city of Atlantis? Or then again was it simply that, a legend? Over the years the narrative of this antiquated city had has taken on its very own existence, changed into endless fantasylands, lodging, even motion pictures. Everybody was in the race to discover Atlantis. Donyana national park. An enormous antiquated inlet once existed in this huge bog in southern Spain, strategically placed just past the Pillars of Hercules. In the bog abnormal roundabout examples were found in satellite photos. Comparing these photos to the point by point portrayal in Plato’s composing, Researchers were persuaded it was there in the Donyana national park wear Plato’s Atlantis was. In Plato’s composing he depicts a port city with three rings of associated harbors and gives definite measurements for each ring. Analysts accepted that the round examples found in the satellite photographs are a match to Plato’s depiction. What's more, there’s more, in Plato’s composing he talks about a sanctuary devote to the god Poseidon. He gives the specific measurements the sanctuary. In the satellite photographs it shows a square shape coordinating the specific measurements given in the composition. Presently a considerable lot of you are likely are thinking, Atlantis†¦ its solitary a legend. In any case, only a thousand miles east from Donyana, is a spot the Turkish call Troya, for confirmation that fantasy can become reality. Troy is one of the most celebrated spot in the acicent world. For quite a long time individuals imagined that Troya was only a made up dream, just portrayed in Hommers sonnet â€Å"The Eliot† in this 3000-year-old story troy is the setting for the trogon war, and the amazing trogon horse. Like Atlantis troy was thought of as only a fantasy. However, this demonstrates realities and fantasy can once in a while be one in the equivalent. Yet, how is it conceivable that in one night a whole city and the entirety of its kin can evaporate? Consider on the off chance that you woke up one morning and Hawaii just vanished? It resembled it never at any point existed. There are innumerable theory’s to what truly befell Atlantis, some state it was pulled out to the ocean by Poseidon and now the whole city and its kin are under the water. What's more, some have progressively sensible clarifications. On the off chance that Atlantis genuinely were to be found, fantasy would become reality. Be that as it may, the genuine inquiry is does Atlantis at any point exist, or was it only a senseless old story an exceptionally elderly person made up?

Multiple-Choice Mayhem

â€Å"What do you want to do after high school?† the older woman asked. She was sitting in the pew behind me and I had been smelling her perfume, an odd mix of roses and dust, the entire church service. â€Å"I’m not sure,† I smiled at her. I couldn’t help but let my eyes wander over her wrinkled skin that sagged around her neckline and fell over her cheekbones like a limp tablecloth. Her eyes had so sunk into her skull that they left sharp shadows beneath her lids. I shuddered at her deep red lipstick, so out of place against her pale skin and colorless hair. I could never imagine looking like that.â€Å"Are you even going to college? My husband never went. He died three years ago. Got run over by a tractor.†I shrugged, praying that the droning organ would play faster and bring the service to a close. To tell the truth, I had not spent much time considering my future. I stood abruptly as the pastor dismissed the congregation. What was I going to do after high school? I would hate to end up the victim of a farm equipment catastrophe. I should probably go to college. â€Å"See you next week, sweetie.† The woman’s voice made me cringe. Smart people go to college. I had a 4.0. I’m smart. I sought the advice of my mother and one of my teachers about the next steps I should take. I needed to prepare myself for college. My mother introduced me to a college admissions requirement: the ACT. My test date came way too quickly and the truth of the matter is, taking the ACT was one of the most stressful events in my 17 years of existence.â€Å"Room 218, upstairs,† the middle-aged woman said, handing me my identification. Several of my classmates were already seated, staring at their desktops as though they were as nervous as I. I took a seat in the back and waited. It was an uninviting room. The floor was lined with big, uneven tiles and the pastel pink paint was chipping. Outside, an overcast sky concealed eve ry ray of sunshine. A plastic ceiling fan trembled and squeaked with each turn. This school was no palace. The desks were small, but at least they faced the large clock. Using it to pace myself on this test would be crucial to a successful completion.My siblings appeared in the doorway and sat in the adjacent aisles. I fiddled with my calculator to pass the time. It was 8:03. We should have started by now. The instructors stood motionless at the front. My brother finally broke the silence.â€Å"What are we waiting on?† I could see the other students loosen up, ready for the answer. The instructor smiled, her short curly hair bouncing as she explained, â€Å"There are two students who have not arrived. We are required to wait 15 minutes to allow them to get here.† I rolled my eyes. My brother moaned.At 8:14 a.m. a tall, lanky kid with glasses ambled in and sat in front of me. â€Å"Way to be late,† my brother commented under his breath. Luckily, the second studen t never arrived to face his condemnation.â€Å"Okay,† the instructor announced. â€Å"It looks like we are ready to begin.† I bit my fingernails as she read the rules printed on the front page of the test booklet. â€Å"The English test is a 75-question test. You will have 45 minutes to complete this section. You may begin.†I creased open the booklet. The first question was simple. All I was required to do was pick which set of words best replaced the underlined portion. I felt confident, scanning the information and filling in the tiny bubbles on the answer key. I paused only to glance at the clock. Finishing with several minutes to spare, I checked my work.â€Å"Time,† the younger instructor proclaimed. She appeared to be just out of college. A small ring on her finger suggested she may be engaged, or even married. The sound of pencils hitting desks echoed throughout the classroom. â€Å"Okay, science is next. If you finish early, you may look over you r answers, but do not return to any other section of the test. You have 35 minutes. Begin.†Honestly, I have never been a big fan of science. I struggled in chemistry, and biology more or less kicked my butt. The arrangement of graphs and tables was as comprehensible as a foreign language. I struggled to make sense of the statistics while my confidence sank. Suddenly, the strident blare of a train came through the open window and I flinched. Now my mind was really wandering. I pushed my way through all 40 questions just in time to hear â€Å"Pencils down.†After a short break, we continued with the math test. My stomach began to rumble; I should have eaten a bigger breakfast. I preferred math to any other subject because there was always one clear answer. I flew through the first several problems, pausing only to use my calculator. I was distracted by a clicking sound. Several students looked up as we watched the instructor climb on a chair to turn off the wobbly ceiling fan. I made myself focus and finished with time to spare.Reading was next. I could not believe how long the ACT was taking. I looked at my brother. He was picking at his eraser. Outside, a bird was twittering boisterously. I began to wonder if I had suddenly developed attention deficit disorder. The literary passages consisted of lengthy bits of fiction and social sciences. I used my pencil as a bookmark, scanning the material for answers. The robin continued to squawk a springtime tune. My fingers painstakingly guided my pencil over each bubble. My left leg ticked with nerves. Time was up.Our instructors stacked the exams and dismissed us for a short break. At the water fountain I noticed the adjacent classrooms were already vacant. I sighed, wishing I were heading home. Plopping back in our seats, we were given another pamphlet and one more set of instructions. In 30 minutes, we were required to write an essay about whether or not high-school classes should begin later in the day. I scratched out some ideas and began writing my five-paragraph theme. My hand cramped as I scribbled, and I noticed everyone else was done. I felt nervous that I wouldn’t finish on time. Summing up my points, I finally set down my pencil. After almost five hours of testing, my first encounter with the ACT was over.It could be nine weeks before I would receive my scores, but I had taken one of the first major steps in continuing my education. Although I felt uneasy about the exam, I was proud that I had taken responsibility for my future.Fellowship went a bit more smoothly the following Sunday. My friend was in her usual seat. I sat a little straighter and even gave her a little smile. The organ music began with several harmonic chords.â€Å"You’re almost a senior now,† she whispered over my shoulder. â€Å"What are you going to do? Are you going to college?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yeah,† I said confidently. â€Å"I’m going to college.†

Liability Exposure Within Multiple Businesses - 2113 Words

Liability exposure within multiple businesses, There are personal risk of exposure to liability this is considerably high; the sole proprietor assumes unlimited personal liability for the breach of contract lawsuit and, under this business entity, puts all personal assets at risk for the sake of the organization itself. Liability had to deal with certain responsibilities of one party or a group of an organization that deal with financial compensation. A sole proprietorship is a business or business owned and operated by one individual ((Mancuso, 2014). There is limited partnership, this is being sued for breach of contract, there is personal risk of exposure to liability, it can be moderate to a general partnership, this can mean property, now, severe liability can mean individual property that is levied on once partnership property that has been exhausted . Liability is not always based intentional actions or even being negligence, sometimes liability can even be a way to brokers the peace between certain parties, rather than an injured party, using more serious action (Mancuso, 2014). There is always a personal risk of exposure to liability, this is considerably high; both the partnership property (organizational assets) and individual assets are at risk; however, only a portion of the lawsuit is satisfied by individual property – that is, what remains after partnership property has been accounted for. There can be personal risk also of exposure to liability, it isShow MoreRelatedLiability Exposure Within Multiple Businesses2028 Words   |  9 Pages There is always liability exposure within multiple businesses, There is always the personal risk of exposure to liability, this is considerably high; being a sole proprietor, they assumes unlimited personal liability, also for breach of contract lawsuits. 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The 1964 Civil Rights Act - 1173 Words

Title IIV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act forbids the discrimination in employment on the basis of sex, race, color, national origin, or religion by employers. So why it is that sex segregation is so rampant in the workplace still? Segregation is defined as the characteristic on which groups are sorted symbolized dominant or subordinate status and become the bases for differential treatment. It provides rewards for the dominating group in society and makes the minority group stay below. This process provides an illusion of equal but separate treatment for the people of the workplace. Making great strides since the 1960’s, woman to male inequality in the workforce has gone down, however it has not decreased enough. These laws have only been†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Stereotypes are categories that constrain and shape what a person believes about, and expects from, other people† (Bartlett 1910). The workplace is one of the most active environments for women to be s tereotyped against. Women are judged in ways such as being weaker than, and not as active as a man. This can be a problem for a woman in a male dominated occupation by making them feel, or seem, not as valuable as a man. For example, women in the police field will face the struggle of being seen as weaker, gentler, and to submissive to fight crime compared to men. This type of behavior leads to women not receiving much earned promotions, and having more struggles applying to male dominating jobs. Due to preconceived notions about their skills and abilities, male dominated fields are where women face the most scrutiny. â€Å"In this way, stereotype threat may create a vicious cycle that maintains and exacerbates the observed under-representation of women in male-dominated fields† (Van Hippel 160). These types of thoughts continue to re occur without much debate in individual minds through unnoticed and involuntary hegemony. â€Å"Once generalizations based on categories are fixed in people’s minds, the way they process information perpetuates those generalizations. They notice, ask questions about, remember, and integrate information that confirms their previously formed views† (Bartlett 1910). Once people are aware of what

The Parthenon Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Parthenon Essay Thesis The Parthenon was a temple to the patron goddess of Athens, Athena. Locatedatop Athenss Acropolis, the Parthenon was an architectural masterpiece. Itwas constructed between 447 and 432 BCE by the Greek sculptor Phidias and theGreek architects Ictenus and Callicrates. It the largest temple in Greece. However, subtle elements used in the construction create amazing effects. Allof the 46 massive stone columns lean inward slightly, the flutes on the columnstaper off a bit near the top and the columns get thinner near the top. Whenused together these elements create the illusion of upthrusting motion. Theillusion is most effective from a distance, when seen in contrast to the wall ofthe Acropolis. The Parthenon was made of white marble from Mount Pentelicus(however over time the marbles color has changed to a light yellowish beige). It stands approximately 60 feet high and has an area of 30,030 feet. TheParthenon contains two rooms. One room served as a treasury and the other oncecontained a large statue of Athena. Perhaps the most dramatic feature of the Parthenon was the sculpture by Phidias. Since the temple was a tribute to Athena, the sculpture centered around her. Thewestern side of the roof depicted the battle between her and Poseidon overcontrol of Athens. The eastern side depicted her birth. On the outer wallabove the columns there were 92 metopes (sculptured panels) depicting battlescenes involving heroes and gods. They included the Trojan war, the Greeksfighting the Amazons, and the gods against the Titans. Along the walls of theenclosed room of the Parthenon a festival honoring Athena was shown, depictingthe men and women of Athens. The Parthenon focused on Athena and the greatnessof the city of Athens. The Parthenon shows the architectural innovation ad nd the artistic genius ofthe Athenians. It shows the spirit and culture of Athens and is a history initself. Category: English

Mergers Acquisitions (MA) 1980s-1990s free essay sample

Aims, types (friendly vs. hostile), examples, financing, third-party, regulations, globalization, govt. intervention, impact on stocks. Following a growth through acquisition strategy is not a new way for companies to increase their market presence. While open competition is one way for companies to gain market share and increase profit, eliminating competition through acquisition is a time-honored method for achieving the same goal. During the 1980s, mergers and acquisitions were characterized by companies raiding otherwise profitable organizations, then selling off the newly acquired company for ready cash. The result was an increase in profits to the acquiring company, but, in many cases, companies were unduly closed down, eliminating jobs and contributions to the economy. This research examines the mergers and acquisitions market, including past actions, current proposals, defenses that companies can mount to avoid hostile acquisition, and considers

History of Xander Harris essays

History of Xander Harris essays He's a lanky fellow, dark-haired and self-effacing. He uses sarcastic humor to hide his insecurity (no one's told him it doesn't work). Even when he's being chased by a 100 feet serpent, he still manages to find the humor in the situation. He's been in a complicated love triangle and lives to tell about it. A friend, lover and slayerette......He's Xander Harris. Good afternoon/morning Ms. Rosteing and fellow students. As you can see, my speech is on Xander Harris. If you don't watch "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", which you should because it's the best show on TV, you're probably thinking, "who the hell is Xander Harris?". Well for the next 3-4 minutes sit back, relax and get ready for a "goofy" good time (as Xander would say). His full name is Alexander LaVelle Harris. He's 17 and hails from Sunnydale with its renown Hellmouth. Mishap after mishap, Xander is always there with a witty remark or funny joke. Xander is not exactly popular with the guys or the girls. He's the class clown and has much more important things to do than study homework namely study girls. He hangs out with Buffy Summers (this generation's slayer), Willow Rosenburg and Oz; otherwise known as the "Scooby Gang". He's been friends with Willow as long as they can remember. Before Buffy came along, it was just him, Willow and Jesse, his best friend. When Buffy showed up in Sunnydale, Jesse was turned into a vampire and he fell for everyone's favorite slayer. Buffy joined their group, and with her, they started hanging out in the library with Giles, Buffy's watcher. In terms of relationships, this is where it gets a little complicated. At the beginning of the show, Xander fell instantly in love with Buffy. But at the time, Xander and Willow were best friends, and Willow had a sizable crush on the X-man. So there was this love triangle deal going, and the fact that Buffy had no interest in Xander made it one big unrequited love angst-fest. Cord ...

Second year BA Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Second year BA Photography - Essay Example Film and photography are the main medium of art in the contemporary scenario. Besides these, there are access to the internet, email and television. In this paper, the writer attempts to give a brief description on the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. This is one of the works of Walter Benjamin that deals with technology based art production. A number of people refer to his work these days. His works are gaining popularity now than ever before. He has given explanation for mechanization of art such as film and photography. He lived at the time of the growth of communism and fascism. So he had observed the politicization of art. Then the impact of technology on art is also discussed in this paper. â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction†, published in 1936, is the work of Walter Benjamin who was a German and most of his works are very significant in the contemporary world especially in the field of art and his popularity is increasing by day. This work has been considered as the standard reference in the analysis of art today, since it speaks about the mechanization in art like in movies and photography. Benjamin was so intelligent and he was influenced by the culture in which he lived. He was born in 1892 in a middle class family that had a close relation to art since his father was an art dealer in Berlin. He could not earn an academic employment due to some incidents in his life. One among them was that his doctoral study was rejected, as the subject was not comprehendible and the second incident was, criticizing and attacking one of the members in intellectual circle. His writings are supposed to be excellent works in explaining on the mechanica l reproduction of film, photography etc. Undoubtedly, we can say that technology-based production of art spoils our creativity, newness, uniqueness and authenticity. Today, one of the means of art is film production and cartoon movies which are at the fore front.

Portfolio theory and invesntment analysis Assignment

Portfolio theory and invesntment analysis - Assignment Example In fact, it is required to estimate current investment strategy of the charity and then to propose actions for its improvement. Let us suppose that the portfolio has stocks. Structure of is determined by weights of stocks, . Per se, efficient portfolio allows the charity to obtain high expected values of return under tolerable value of risk. Efficient portfolio is determined by optimal weights of stocks, . In general, portfolios with high values of allow to achieve well optimized and efficient solutions but such portfolios are expensive to operate and difficult to analyze and manage. On the other hand, portfolios with small values of are cheap to operate and easy to manage but often such portfolios are too weakly diversified to be able to track the entire market or to beat the market index. Let us consider by examples how to determine optimal values of and weights and how to analyze structure of efficient portfolio . The present portfolio of the charity is concentrated in equity shares in leading U.K. companies. So, it is reasonable to suppose that each of them is in the top of the FTSE 100 Index, a capitalization-weighted index of the 100 most highly capitalized U.K. companies traded on the LSE. For instance, let us select1 the 7 largest constituents of the FTSE 100 Index. As of 9 December 2007, these ones were RDSA.L & RDSB.L, BP.L, HSBA.L, VOD.L, GSK.L, RIO.L, and RBS.L. Then, let us consider values of their market capitalization and also betas vs. UKX: Company Symbol Market Cap (millions ) Fraction (%) Beta vs. UKX Royal Dutch Shell PLC RDSA.L, RDSB.L 127,532.881 20.48 0.934, 0.983 BP PLC BP.L 117,355.224 18.85 1.056 HSBC Holdings PLC HSBA.L 101,548.136 16.31 0.723 Vodafone Group PLC VOD.L 98,199.053 15.77 1.068 GlaxoSmithKline PLC GSK.L 72,271.602 11.61 0.643 Rio Tinto PLC RIO.L 57,299.112 9.20 1.353 Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC RBS.L 48,380.050 7.77 1.083 It is known that around 40% of the charity's portfolio is invested in one of these stocks, say, BP.L; the investment in each of the others is around 10%. In case of passive investment strategy the charity uses tracking portfolio, in which each of 7 fractions must reflect (sic!) market capitalization of appropriate leading company; e.g. see Focardi & Fabozzi (2004). Inasmuch as real market fractions of top 7 U.K. companies are distributed quite otherwise than in the charity's portfolio, we may conclude that the charity uses rather active than passive investment strategy. It seems that such choice of the investment strategy is quite reasonable. In case of passive investing the charity attempts at least "track" the market which is characterized, say, by the FTSE All-Share Index. If the market is down in a given period, the charity with an indexing strategy will also find investment performance reflecting that decline. Of course, such investing is a low-cost strategy due to reduced security analysis and insignificant start portfolio management costs. However, there are certain tracking errors when the tracking portfolio can not follow

The Process of Canonization Essay Example for Free

The Process of Canonization Essay The canonization process has existed in Catholicfor centuries. This process is steeped with history, as well as tradition, and rewards people for their unwavering commitment and faith to Catholicism. The process is long, arduous, expensive, and eventually requires authorization from the highest of Catholic officials. This paper will review the history, requirements, and financial expenses involved in the process of canonization into sainthood. History Saints are human, like us, but they personify divine power and have privileged contact with the supernatural. Saints perform miracles, receive visions, and are in love with the spirit. They truly are â€Å"the chosen few† (Dunn-Mascetti, 1994). As Catholics we refer to saints as people who are extremely holy; living their lives as perfect Christians, thus allowing them the right to serve God, on a personal level, in heaven (Schreck, 2004). Canonization is the process in which the pope declares a deceased constituent of the faithful is projected as a model and intercessor to the Christian principles and recognized as a saint due to living their life in a heroic manner or becoming a martyr because of their continued faith to God (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). This persons name is then inducted into the canon of saints, citing those who are to be given veneration universally into the church. Canonization is an earthly decision, meaning it honors them as a saint on earth, not their entry into heaven (Bunson, M. , Bunson S. Bunson, M. , 1998). According to Molinari O’Donnell (2000), canonization originated during the early formulation of the Christian doctrines of worship, invocation, and intercession. The faithful believed that martyrs were true Christians and saints because they made the supreme sacrifice, by giving their lives, for God, the Gospel, and the good of the church. Their suffering earned them ete rnal life. Toward the end of the great Roman persecutions, the veneration of martyrs was extended to confessors, those who defended and suffered for their faith, but did not die doing so. Those confessors who had been excellent Christians, in austerity and penance, were now eligible to be rewarded with sainthood (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). â€Å"The first formal canonization came in year 993, when Pope John XV raised Ulric of Augsburg to the altars during a synod at the Lateran Basilica†. As you will see, the qualifications for canonization in the later years became more stringent after previous inductees were found to be of imperfect sanctity (Bunson et al, 1998, p. 17). Requirements The process for canonization is divided into two phases; diocesan and Roman, or apostolic. When a person dies, and it is determined they lived a perfect and holy Christian life, a formal process for canonization is initiated. In the diocesan phase, the investigation is guided by the procedural law of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, by the diocesan bishop who formally conducts the process where the candidate died. A cause defined as â€Å"recent† is one where the person’s eligibility for sainthood can be corroborated through the disposition of eye-witnesses, and can only begin after a five years following the death of the candidate. A cause defined as â€Å"ancient† is where the evidence of virtues or martyrdom can be gathered only from written sources, subsequently, there is no time limit for this cause (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). The postulator, a person approved by the bishop and responsible for the presentation of evidence for authenticity, also agrees to bear the moral and financial expense of the cause. Their primary job is to supervise the investigation and to determine the candidate’s fitness for canonization, by researching their life, work, and holiness. After the diocesan phase is complete, the postulator will reside in Rome where he will develop the formal argument for canonization with the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, which is comprised of cardinals and bishops. During this time, the postulator will create a Positio, a book containing an account of the candidate’s life and virtue (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). In the diocesan phase, information, both positive and negative, on the candidate’s life, work, and holiness are collected and documented to establish the validity for the petition to canonize. In order for the nominee to advance to the next step, their published writings will be submitted for approval to two theological censors, selected by the bishop, and will be graded on doctrine and moral teachings. Other writings from the candidate will then presented to a historical commission, also selected by the bishop, which will conclude this particular phase. Evidence must clearly show that the candidate lived a life of faith, hope and charity beyond that of a common Christian (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). The Roman, or postolic, phase commences when the acts of the diocesan process have been turned over to the Congregation for the causes of Saints, and they have declared the cause as â€Å"valid†. At this point a â€Å"relator†, an official of the Congregation, will be appointed and will assist in the creation of the Positio. Another official of the Congregation, known as the â€Å"promoter of faith†, will be accountable for the assessment of the cau se by historical and theological consultants to whom the Positio may be submitted for their endorsement. At last, all of this information is submitted to the Congregation for the causes of Saints, who will then forward it to the pope upon their endorsement. If the pope determines the candidate as suitable for canonization, a Bull of Canonization is issued, infallibly affirming the candidate’s perfection of the saint’s life and distinguishing their role as a divine intercessor; thus becoming a saint (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). Even through the long, demanding process involving in-depth research, historical study, and theological manifestation, the decision to canonize lies solely with the pope, and requires a confirmation from God in the way of two miracles, which is scrutinized heavily by the Congregation. Miracles are a product of divine intervention and reinforce the candidate’s holiness as a servant of God. Martyrs are exempt from this miracle requirement because the act of sacrificing one’s life is viewed as the perfection of charity; they need not prove their worthiness in miracles (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). Financial Expense The tremendously long hours of interviews, research, travel, and other intangibles make the canonization process an exhaustive event. The thoroughness of the process comes at a steep price. After sainthood is declared, the expenses include paintings representing the new saint which is given to the pope, cardinals, and other officials of the Congregation for the causes of Saints. Other expenses include decorations of the Basilica, Pontifical Mass, Sacred Vestments, and incidental expenses that make for a sizeable bill to the postulator of the cause. For example the final expenses for the canonization by Saint Leo XIII of Saint Anthony Maria Zaccaria and Saint Peter Fourier came to the total of 221,849. 10 Italian lira. When we convert that to the U. S. dollar, the total becomes $42,816. 87 (Beccari, 1907). Conclusion Canonization has long been a tradition in Catholicism that goes all the way back to year 993. The process is a thorough procedure that involves intensive investigation of a nominee and standard they maintained in their Christian and personal life. The requirements are tightly scrutinized, and for good reason, due to the nature of the appointment to saint. A saint is in personal contact with God in heaven; we worship and pray to them. We rely, trust, and place our faith in the pope and Congregation to make the right decision, to allow only the most deserving and most holy to be rewarded with the highest honor the church can bestow upon a human being. The cost is great, but the return on the investment is heavenly.

Censorship of Music :: Music Censoring Singers Bands Musicians Essays

Censorship of Music During the Doors concert in Miami, in 1969, lead singer Jim Morrison, "did lewdly and lasciviously expose his penis and shake it. . ." (Rosen et al. 90). Today, Billy Joe Armstrong, lead singer of Green Day, bares all at his concert in Philadelphia (Bernstein 95). The eccentric Courtney Love will rip off her bra for the audience to marvel and glorify at her action (Bernstein 95). She acts in such a fashion because she is insane and wants to prove it to the world, where as Billy Joe just performs naked for the shock value and the love of hearing tabloids and gossip. Both performers of past and present conducted strange acts on stage for the shock value and attention, but with performers of old, it reflected their life and what they were really like. Today's performers, however, do not act like that in real life, for the most part. Today, performers take on challenges, like the dare of a child. . . "Betcha won't do it!" These rock performers cannot turn down a dare or back away from even the slightest bit of public notoriety. By listening to one of their "questionable" albums, it is easily noticeable how they thrive off of it. All of these performers do have one thing in common, at one time or another, censorship made them victims because of their social unacceptable actions or the content of their music and lyrics. While censorship is slightly more realistic and open-minded (no more censoring performers from the waist down, like Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan show), it still affects listeners and their choice of music quite significantly. Although the government, music associations, and other various groups try censorship, the music a person chooses is still, and always should be, his choice. Some children are too young for the exposure to certain types of music. Albums containing sexually explicit lyrics depicting sexualacts in great detail are not good for young children to hear. Also, sexual content within the albums, as in their artwork, is unacceptable. For example, the Frankenchrist album by the Dead Kennedys, which portrays an extremely sexual painting by H.G. Giger, entitled Landscape #20: Where Are We Coming From (Wishna 444). Not to mention all the shows and concerts in which some kind of pornography is used or displayed that is inappropriate for younger kids, such as Billy Joe Armstrong, of Green Day, baring all for a concert of his in Philadelphia (Bernstein 95). Also, in Cleveland, a frustrated Courtney Love tore off her bra and screamed, "Now you know how I get all the guys," (Bernstein 95).

Economics of Baseball: Revenue Sharing

Economics of Baseball: Revenue Sharing Major League Baseball is the highest level of professional baseball in the United States and Canada. The organization is comprised of a partnership between the National League, founded in 1876, and the American League, founded in 1901. There are currently 30 teams in Major League Baseball, 14 in the American League and 16 in the National League. â€Å"Since 1903, the best of both of these leagues have met in the World Series, with the winner of the best-of-7 series being declared World Champion† (Burnett). When the World Series ends, baseball's business season starts.Receipts are tallied to determine how much the teams that earned the most will have to pay the teams that have earned the least. Large market teams like the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Chicago cubs â€Å"have an overwhelming advantage over smaller market teams which created an uneven playing field† (Alice). Revenue sharing gives small market teams like the Kansas City Royals, Tampa Bay Rays, Florida Marlins, and the Pittsburgh Pirates, a better chance at success by providing more resources to improve their roster.In 1999, a â€Å"blue ribbon† panel commissioned by MLB found that â€Å"baseball franchises traditionally generate and retain a large majority of their revenue locally† (Jacobson) rather than nationally, causing a large and growing revenue disparity. Vince Gennaro, author of Diamond Dollars: The Economics of Winning In Baseball, found that 70 to 80 percent of a team's total revenue is contributed to local revenue. Local revenues consist of gate receipts, local television, radio and cable rights fees, ballpark concessions, advertising and publications, parking, suite rentals, postseason, and spring training.Revenues that are retained locally are a problem because all teams participate in the same national labor market. MLB has no salary cap; therefore, it is the teams’ decision how much they spend on payroll. The teams with the largest revenues have higher payrolls and are able to obtain and make offers on players that teams with lower payrolls cannot. As big market teams began setting up their own sports networks on cable, the revenue disparities accelerated. The clubs started profiting directly from subscriber fees and advertising sales. At the same ime, other clubs began to benefit from building new stadiums. According to the Report of the Independent Member of the Commissioner's Blue Ribbon Panel on Baseball Economics, the amount of a club's payroll is determined by the amount of the club's revenue and it has been argued that â€Å"the size of a club's payroll is the most important factor in determining how competitive the club will be† (Elanjin and Pachamanova). It showed in just five years the ratio of local revenues between the top seven clubs and the bottom fourteen clubs more than doubled from 5. :1 in 1995 to 14. 7:1 in 1999, because of fast g rowth rates on already large revenues (8). The ratio of payroll spending between the highest and lowest clubs went from 2:1 in the 1980s to 3. 5:1 in the 1990s (9). From 1995 to 1999, no clubs from the 14 lowest payroll-spending teams won a Division Series game or a League Championship game and no clubs from the bottom 23 clubs won a World Series game (Levin, Mitchell, Volcker, and Will p. 2-9). All of the World Series Championships have been won by one of the top payroll spending teams.The conclusion was drawn that these problems were getting worse and unless the MLB took action, the problems would remain severe. They would have to break more than a century’s worth of tradition, â€Å"to ensure baseball's broad and enduring popularity, and to guarantee it's future growth† (Levin, Mitchell, Volcker, and Will p. 13). The panel recommended that the league should impose revenue sharing, a competitive balance tax, central fund distributions, a competitive balance draft, re forms to the Rule 4 Draft, and should utilize franchise relocation. Revenue sharing money comes from two pools.The first is central funds revenue, which comes from national television and radio deals, MLB Advanced Media, merchandise sales, and the MLB network. The other is net local revenue, which comes from ticket sales, concessions and media deals that each club negotiates individually. â€Å"Against that money, each club is hit with a marginal rate of 31 percent, which is applied across the board to each of the 30 clubs† (Brown). In October 2006, the MLB and the players association reached an agreement that requires all teams to pay 34 percent into a common pool, which is than split evenly among all 30 teams.The Competitive Balance tax, also known as the Luxury Tax, penalizes teams with high payrolls by making them pay a tax rate to the MLB central fund, based on how far they go over their payroll ceiling on opening day. Only four teams have broken the threshold since it w as put in place in 2003, the Yankees, Red Sox, Angels and, Tigers. The Yankees have â€Å"exceeded it every year, paying $25,689,173 last year, a high of $33,978,702 in 2005, and a grand total of $174,183,419 over seven years† (Brown). As of 2010, clubs are taxed if they exceed $170 million in total player payroll.Teams who exceed this amount get a further â€Å"repeat offenders† penalty, which raises the percentage they pay to 40 percent. In 2009 alone, $433 million of wealth was transferred from high to low revenue teams (Brown). Major League’s revenue sharing agreement does not dictate what the recipients must do with the money once it is received. Simply stated by Baseball's collective bargaining agreement, all that is required by teams is that they must use their revenue sharing money â€Å"in an effort to improve its performance on the field†.This is so vague; the money can virtually go anywhere, even the club owner's pockets. The main problem is th at the teams receiving payments use them as their primary source of income. This allows them to keep their payrolls low but continue to receive large revenue sharing payments. Two of the biggest offenders of this are the Florida Marlins and the Tampa Bay Rays. In 2003, the Marilins won the World Series with a team of â€Å"great young players† and â€Å"talented veterans† that included Josh Beckett, Brad Penny, Mike Lowell, and Ivan Rodriguez. That year, the team had a payroll of $49. 5 million (Cohen). Rather than keeping the players that made up that payroll, they traded Penny and Beckett for much cheaper players, and lost Lowell and Rodriguez to free agency. â€Å"By shedding these stars, Florida was able to cut its payroll down to $14. 9 million in 2006, which is less than 20% of the Major League average of $78 million. It was also less than half of the $31 million in revenue sharing dollars the team received that year. † Instead of using the money to buy or retain talented players, the owners used it as part of the teams $43 million profit in 2006 (Ray).The most extreme example of revenue sharing offenders has been the Tampa Bay Rays. From 2002 to 2006, the Rays received an average of $32 million a year in revenue sharing payments (Ray). In 2006, the team had a payroll of $35. 4 million (Cohen), $42 million less than the 2006 league average. â€Å"It won only 38 percent of its games and filled less than 40 percent of its seats for home games†¦ and collected more than $30 million in revenue sharing† (Lewis). Other teams, like the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Kansas City Royals, also received significant revenue sharing money but have kept their payrolls low.In Contrast, teams like the Colorado Rockies, have not been so frugal with their money. They received $16 million in 2006 and increased their payroll by around $15 million the following season (Lewis). Since 1999, millions of dollars have been transferred from richer big m arket teams to poorer small market teams in an attempt to create competitive balance and allow all 30 teams to share in the economic advantages associated with playing in big market teams; a large fan base, lots of press coverage, lucrative cable television contracts, and high payrolls and revenues.However, baseball doesn't force revenue sharing recipients to use the money on payroll. All that is required is that the team uses the money to improve the product on the field. The system hasn't restored any true competitive balance for the league since, generally speaking, we see the same teams in the World Series year after year. The stark reality is that lower payroll and smaller market teams can make more money by losing than they can by winning because of revenue sharing.So long as the rules and regulation in Major League Baseball remain lax and enforcement stays nonexistent, teams will continue to take advantage of the system. Work Cited Alice, Lynette. â€Å"Examining why MLB rev enue sharing doesn't work. † Helium. 2002-2010 Helium, Inc. 10 Dec. 2010. Brown, Maury. â€Å"Revenue Sharing Is Making An Impact. † Baseball America. 2 Mar. 2010. Baseball America, Inc. 10 Dec. 2010. Burnett, Dashielle. â€Å"Major League Baseball. † Business Insider. 6 Dec 2010. Business Insider, Inc. 11 Dec. 2010. Cohen, Gary.The Baseball Cube Statistics. 2002. 17 Dec. 2010 Elanjian, Michael, and Dessislava A. Pachamanova. â€Å"Is Revenue Sharing Working for Major League Baseball? A Historical Perspective†. The Sport Journal. Volume 12. Number 2. United States Sports Academy, 2009. 8 Dec. 2010. Gennaro, Vince. Diamond Dollars: The Economics of Winning in Baseball. Hingham, Massachusetts: Maple Street Press, 2007. Jacobson, David. â€Å"MLB's Revenue-Sharing Formula. † BNET – The CBS Interactive Business Network. 14 July 2008. CBS Interactive. 8 Dec. 2010.Levin, Richard C. , George J. Mitchell, Paul A. Volcker, and George F. Will. â€Å"T he Report of the Independent Members of the Commissioners Blue Ribbon Panel on Baseball Economics†. The Official Site of Major League Baseball. MLB Advanced Media, L. P. , July 2000. PDF. 11 Dec. 2010. Lewis, Michael. â€Å"Baseball's Losing Formula. † The New York Times. 3 Nov. 2007. 11 Dec. 2010. Ray, James Lincoln. â€Å"Baseball's Revenue Sharing Problem: Major League Baseball Hurt By Teams Who Don't Spend Money On Players. † Suite101. 12 Nov. 2007. 11 Dec. 2010

Modern History The Vietnam War - 854 Words

Modern History Background: The Vietnam War began, because of Indochina (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) being conquered by the Japanese, in 1941. This led to the creation of the Vietnamese nationalist movement, formed by Ho Chi Minh to resist the Japanese. The Vietnamese national movement also known as the Vietminh, was a communist front organization. To stop the spread of communism through Asia, the United States intervened. The war lasted for 19-20 years, and involved countries such as South Vietnam, North Vietnam, United States, South Korea, Australia, Philippines, New Zealand, Thailand, Khmer Republic, Laos and the Republic of China. The war was known as a guerrilla war, which meant the use of tactics such as ambush, sabotage and petty warfare. Guerrilla warfare is a very unconventional style of warfare. It is when small groups of soldiers use stealthy tactics to inflict damage on the target. The casualties suffered by both sides were immense however, the Communists had the upper hand throughout the majority of the war. Not only was it their home turf, they also had the support of a large percentage of the civilian population. The effective use of guerrilla tactics by the Viet Cong played a very important role on the outcome of the war, and is also the primary reason why the United States lost. The following essay will outline the reasons why the guerrilla tactics used by the Viet Cong played a very important role on the outcome of the Vietnam War. The first paragraph willShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Revolutionary Party Of Vietnam Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussion of Vietnam War, is one that still is every more common among scholars of American Society, common not without controversy. The controversy surrounding the Vietnam War often is centered in U.S. mentality of playing â€Å"savior â€Å" and appearing to be only great, while not owning up or recognizing their faults. 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